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詞或詞組	中文	英文解釋中文解釋
Eccentric load	偏心載荷	The external load on a fastener or groups of fasteners is said to be eccentric if the resultant of that load does not pass through the centroid of the group of fasteners (eccentric shear load ) or does not coincide with the bolt axis (eccentric tensile load ). 如果一個或多個緊固件上的外部載荷的合力未穿過緊固件組的質心（偏心剪切載荷）或與螺栓軸不重合（偏心拉伸載荷），則稱該外部載荷為偏心。
Edge distance	邊距	The distance from the edge of a bearing specimen to the center of the hole in the direction of applied force. 在作用力方向上，從軸承試樣的邊緣到孔中心的距離。
Edge distance ratio	邊距比	The ratio of the edge distance to the pin diameter in a bearing test. 軸承測試中邊緣距離與銷直徑的比值。
Effective crack size (ae)	有效裂紋尺寸（ae）	The physical crack size augmented for the effects of cracking plastic deformation. Sometimes the effective crack size is calculated from a measured value of a physical crack size plus a calculated value of a plastic-zone adjustment. A preferred method for calculation of effective crack size compares compliance from the secant of a load-deflection trace with the elastic compliance from a calibration for the type of specimen. 由于裂紋塑性變形的影響，物理裂紋尺寸增大。有時，根據物理裂紋尺寸的測量值加上塑性區調整的計算值來計算有效裂紋尺寸。計算有效裂紋尺寸的首選方法是將載荷-撓度軌跡正割的柔度與試樣類型校準的彈性柔度進行比較。
Effective discharge area (Unit m2)	有效排放面積（單位m2）	A nominal area for flow through a pressure relief valve used to determine the valve’s flow capacity given the pressure difference across it, the fluid density and correction factors to allow for compressibility, the back pressure and the coefficient of discharge. 流經泄壓閥的標稱面積，用于確定閥門的流量，給定壓力差、流體密度和允許可壓縮性的校正因子、背壓和排放系數。
Effective length of a bolt	螺栓的有效長度	The grip length plus some portion of the bolt (often one-half of the thickness of the nuts) which lies within the nut(s) plus some portion (often one-half the thickness) of the head. 握持長度加上位于螺母內的螺栓的某些部分（通常是螺母厚度的二分之一）加上頭部的某些部分（通常是厚度的二分之一）。
Effective radius of nut, bolt head, or threads	螺母、螺栓頭或螺紋的有效半徑	Distance between the geometric center of the part and the circle of points through which the resultant contact forces between mating parts passes. Must be determined by integration. 零件幾何中心與配合零件之間的合力通過的點圓之間的距離。必須通過積分來確定。
Effective yield strength	有效屈服強度	An assumed value of uniaxial yield strength that represents the influence of plastic yielding on fracture test parameters. 單軸屈服強度的假設值，代表塑性屈服對斷裂試驗參數的影響。
Elastic calibration device	彈性校準裝置	A device for use in verifying the load readings of a testing machine consisting of an elastic member(s) to which loads may be applied, combined with a mechanism or device for indicating the magnitude (or a quantity proportional to the magnitude) of deformation under load. 一種用于驗證試驗機載荷讀數的裝置，由可施加載荷的彈性構件組成，與指示載荷下變形量（或與該量成比例的量）的機構或裝置相結合。
Elastic constants	彈性常數	The factors of proportionality that relate elastic displacement of a material to applied forces. 將材料的彈性位移與施加的力相關聯的比例因子。
Elastic deformation	彈性變形	A change in dimensions directly proportional to and in phase with an increase or decrease in applied force. 尺寸的變化與施加的力的增加或減少成正比并同相。
Elastic energy	彈性能	The amount of energy required to deform a material within its elastic range of behavior, neglecting small heat losses due to internal friction. The energy absorbed by a specimen per unit volume of material contained within the gage length being tested. It is determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain curve up to a specified elastic strain. See also modulus of resilience and strain energy. 材料在其彈性行為范圍內變形所需的能量，忽略因內耗引起的小熱損失。試樣在被測標距內每單位體積材料吸收的能量。它是通過測量應力-應變曲線下達到規定彈性應變的面積來確定的。另見彈性模量和應變能。
Elastic interactions	彈性相互作用	When a bolt is tightened it partially compresses the joint members ‘‘in its own neighborhood.’’ When nearby bolts are tightened later, they further compress the joint in this region. This allows the first bolt to relax a little (lose a little preload). Tightening bolts on the opposite side of the joint, however, might increase preload in some of the earlier bolts tightened on the near side. These shifts and changes in the elastic energy stored in individual bolts, during assembly, are called elastic interactions. 當螺栓擰緊時，它會“在其自身附近”部分壓縮接頭構件稍后擰緊附近的螺栓時，進一步壓縮該區域的接頭。這允許第一個螺栓稍微松弛（失去一點預載）。但擰緊接頭另一側的螺栓可能會增加早期在近側擰緊的一些螺栓的預載。在裝配過程中，儲存在單個螺栓中的彈性能量的這些位移和變化稱為彈性相互作用。
Elastic limit	彈性極限	The maximum stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any permanent strain (deformation) remaining on complete release of the stress. 材料在完全釋放應力時能夠承受的最大應力，且不會留下任何永久應變（變形）。
Elastic recovery	彈性恢復	Amount the dimension of a stressed elastic material returns to its original (unstressed) dimension on release of an applied load. In hardness testing, the shortening of the original dimensions of the indentation upon release of the applied load. 在釋放施加的載荷時，受應力彈性材料的尺寸恢復到其原始（無應力）尺寸的量。在硬度測試中，當釋放所施加的載荷時，壓痕的原始尺寸縮短。
Elastic resilience	彈性回彈	The amount of energy absorbed in stressing a material up to the elastic limit; or, the amount of energy that can be recovered when stress is released from the elastic limit. 向材料施加應力直至彈性極限所吸收的能量；或者當應力從彈性極限釋放時可以恢復的能量值。
Elastic strain energy	彈性應變能	The energy expended by the action of external forces in deforming a body elastically. Essentially, all the work performed during elastic deformation is stored as elastic energy, and this energy is recovered upon release of the applied force. 在外力作用下使物體彈性變形所消耗的能量。本質上，彈性變形過程中所做的所有功都以彈性能的形式存儲，并且在釋放所施加的力時恢復該能量。
Elasticity	彈性	The property of a material by virtue of which deformation caused by stress disappears on removal of the stress. A perfectly elastic body completely recovers its original shape and dimensions after release of stress. 一種材料的特性，通過這種特性，由應力引起的變形在去除應力后消失。完全彈性體在應力釋放后完全恢復其原始形狀和尺寸。
Elbow	肘部	1. A fitting that connects the ends of two pipes at an angle, 45°, 90°, and 180° being the most common. 2. The third joint on an articulated robot corresponding to the human elbow. 1.以45°、90°和180°角連接兩個管道端部的配件。2.示例關節機器人上的第三關節對應于人的肘部。
Electrode	電極	The two metallic bodies in a battery or Corrosion cell which give up electrons (the Anode) or which attract them (the Cathode). 電池或腐蝕電池中釋放電子（陽極）或吸引電子（陰極）的兩個金屬體。
Electrolyte	電解質	The liquid with which the Electrodes of a battery or Corrosion cell are wetted. 潤濕電池或腐蝕電池電極的液體。
Electroplating	電鍍	Deposition of one metal on to another using electrolysis. The metal to be plated forms the cathode in an electrolytic cell, and the metal to be deposited forms the anode. 使用電解將一種金屬沉積到另一種金屬上。待鍍金屬形成電解池中的陰極，待沉積金屬形成陽極。
Elongation	伸張率	A term used in mechanical testing to describe the amount of extension of a test piece when stressed. 機械測試中使用的術語，用于描述試樣在受力時的延伸量。
Elongation measurement	伸張率測量	Bolt elongation is directly proportional to axial stress when the applied stress is within the elastic range of the material. If both ends of a bolt are accessible, a micrometer measurement of bolt length made before and after the application of tension will ensure the required axial stress is applied. 當施加的應力在材料的彈性范圍內時，螺栓伸長率與軸向應力成正比。如果螺栓的兩端都可以接近，則在施加張力前后對螺栓長度進行測微計測量，以確保施加所需的軸向應力。
Embedment	嵌入	Localized plastic deformation in heavily loaded fasteners allows one part to sink into, or smooth the surface of, a softer or more heavily loaded second part. Nuts embed themselves in joint surfaces. Bolt threads embed themselves in nut threads, etc. 重載緊固件中的局部塑性變形允許一個零件陷入較軟或更重載的第二零件中，或使其表面光滑。螺母嵌入接合面中。例如螺栓螺紋嵌入螺母螺紋等。
Embrittlement	脆化	The loss of ductility or fracture toughness of materials, either during processing or in service. The severe loss of ductility or toughness or both, of a material, usually a metal or alloy. Many forms of embrittlement can lead to brittle fracture. Many forms can occur during thermal treatment or elevated-temperature service (thermally induced embrittlement). Some of these forms of embrittlement, which affect steels, include blue brittleness, 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement, quench-age embrittlement, sigma-phase embrittlement, strain-age embrittlement, temper embrittlement, tempered martensite embrittlement, and thermal embrittlement. In addition, steels and other metals and alloys can be embrittled by environmental conditions (environmentally assisted embrittlement). The forms of environmental embrittlement include acid embrittlement, caustic embrittlement, corrosion embrittlement, creep-rupture embrittlement, hydrogen embrittlement, liquid metal embrittlement, neutron embrittlement, solder embrittlement, solid metal embrittlement, and stress-corrosion cracking. 材料在加工或使用過程中的延展性或斷裂韌性損失。通常是金屬或合金的延展性或韌性或兩者的嚴重損失。多種形式的脆化可導致脆性斷裂。在熱處理或高溫服務期間，可能會出現多種形式（熱致脆化）。影響鋼的一些脆化形式包括藍脆、885°F（475°C）脆化、淬火時效脆化、西格瑪相脆化、應變時效脆化，回火脆化、回火馬氏體脆化和熱脆化。此外，鋼和其他金屬和合金可能因環境條件而脆化（環境輔助脆化）。環境脆化的形式包括酸脆化、堿脆化、腐蝕脆化、蠕變斷裂脆化、氫脆化、液態金屬脆化、中子脆化、焊料脆化、固態金屬脆化和應力腐蝕開裂。
End-quench hardenability test	端淬淬透性試驗	A laboratory procedure for determining the hardenability of a steel or other ferrous alloy. Hardenability is determined by heating a standard specimen above the upper critical temperature, placing the hot specimen in a fixture so that a stream of cold water impinges on one end, and, after cooling to room temperature is completed, measuring the hardness near the surface of the specimen at regularly spaced intervals along its length. The data are normally plotted as hardness versus distance from the quenched end. 測定鋼或其他鐵合金淬透性的實驗室程序。淬透性是通過將標準試樣加熱到高于上臨界溫度，將熱試樣放置在夾具中，使冷水流沖擊一端，并在冷卻至室溫后，沿試樣長度以規則間隔測量試樣表面附近的硬度來確定的。數據通常繪制為硬度與距淬火端距離的關系。
Endurance	耐力	The capacity of a material to withstand repeated application of stress. 材料承受反復施加應力的能力。
Endurance limit	耐力極限	The maximum stress below which a material can presumably endure an infinite number of stress cycles. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. That completely reversing stress limit below which a bolt or joint member will have an essentially infinite life under cyclic fatigue loads. Note that the mean stress on the bolts here is zero. 材料可以承受無限次應力循環的最大應力。還應說明最大應力值和應力比。完全逆轉的應力極限，低于該極限螺栓或接頭構件在循環疲勞載荷下將具有基本上無限的壽命。請注意，此處螺栓上的平均應力為零。
Energy losses (Unit kJ)	能量損失（單位kJ）	A commonly-used misnomer in view of the conservation-ofenergy principle, but used to mean energy converted into forms that are not used in a process, for example thermal energy from a heat engine dissipated to the surroundings, or produced by friction in a machine, or by surface drag. 從能量守恒原理來看，這是一個常用的術語錯誤，但可以用于表示轉換為過程中未使用的形式的能量，例如，從熱機散發到周圍環境的熱能，或由機器中的摩擦或表面阻力產生的熱能。
Engine	引擎	A machine that converts energy, including the chemical energy in a fuel and electrical energy, into mechanical energy, usually to produce power delivered through a rotating shaft or thrust. Examples include internal-combustion engines, gas and steam turbines, rocket engines, electric, hydraulic and pneumatic motors. 一種將能量（包括燃料中的化學能和電能）轉換為機械能的機器，通常通過旋轉軸或推力產生動力。例子包括內燃機、燃氣輪機和蒸汽輪機、火箭發動機、電動、液壓和氣動馬達。
Engine emissions	發動機排放	(exhaust emissions) The pollutants contained in the exhaust gases from an internal-combustion engine. （廢氣排放）內燃機廢氣中所含的污染物。
Engineering strain (e)	工程應變（e）	A term sometimes used for average linear strain or conventional strain in order to differentiate it from true strain. In tension testing it is calculated by dividing the change in the gage length by the original gage length. 一個術語，有時用于平均線性應變或常規應變，以便將其與真實應變區分開來。在張力測試中，通過將標距變化除以原始標距來計算。
Engineering stress (s)	工程應力	A term sometimes used for conventional stress in order to differentiate it from true stress. In tension testing, it is calculated by dividing the breaking load applied to the specimen by the original crosssectional area of the specimen. 一個術語，有時用于常規應力，以區別于真實應力。在拉伸試驗中，通過將施加在試樣上的斷裂載荷除以試樣的原始橫截面積來計算。
Equation, long form	方程，長格式	An equation which relates the torque applied to a bolt to the preload created in it, and involves fastener geometry and the coefficient of friction between mating surfaces. A theoretical equation based on rigid body mechanics and the assumption that the geometry of the fastener is perfectly described by blueprint dimensions. 將施加在螺栓上的扭矩與螺栓中產生的預載荷聯系起來的方程，該方程涉及緊固件幾何形狀和配合面之間的摩擦系數。基于剛體力學和緊固件幾何結構由藍圖尺寸完美描述的假設的理論方程。
Equation, short form	方程式，簡寫形式	An empirical equation which relates the torque applied to the bolt to the preload created in it, and which depends mainly on an experimentally derived factor called the Nut factor. 一個經驗公式，將施加在螺栓上的扭矩與螺栓中產生的預載荷聯系起來，主要取決于一個稱為螺母系數的實驗得出的系數。
Equilibrium diagram	平衡圖	A graphical representation of the temperature, pressure and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as they exist under conditions of complete equilibrium. In metal systems, pressure is usually considered constant. 在完全平衡條件下，合金系統中相場的溫度、壓力和成分極限的圖形表示。在金屬系統中，壓力通常被認為是恒定的。
Erosion	侵蝕	Progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, or impinging liquid or solid particles. 由于固體表面與流體、多組分流體或撞擊液體或固體顆粒之間的機械相互作用，原始材料從固體表面逐漸損失。
Essential conditions	必要條件	Each type of failure to which bolted joints are subject is set up by three or four conditions. The conditions vary, depending on the mode of failure, but never number more than four. Eliminating any one of the essential conditions for a particular type of failure can prevent that type of failure. 螺栓連接所遭受的每種類型的故障都由三個或四個條件確定。根據故障模式的不同，情況會有所不同，但數量不得超過四個。消除特定類型故障的任何一個基本條件都可以防止該類型故障。
Eutectic	共晶	(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectic point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectic reaction. （1）一種等溫可逆反應，其中液體溶液在冷卻時轉化為兩種或兩種以上緊密混合的固體，形成的固體數量與系統中組分的數量相同。（2）一種合金，其成分由平衡圖上的共晶點表示。（3）由共晶反應形成的混合固體成分的合金結構。
Eutectic carbide	共晶碳化物	Carbide formed during freezing as one of the mutually insoluble phases participating in the eutectic reaction of ferrous alloys. 在冷凍過程中形成的碳化物，是參與鐵合金共晶反應的互不溶相之一。
Eutectic melting	共晶熔化	Melting of localized microscopic areas whose composition corresponds to that of the eutectic in the system. 局部微觀區域的熔化，其成分對應于系統中的共晶成分。
Eutectoid	共析	(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectoid point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectoid reaction. （1）一種等溫可逆反應，其中固溶體在冷卻時轉化為兩種或兩種以上緊密混合的固體，形成的固體數量與系統中組分的數量相同。（2）具有平衡圖上共析點所示成分的合金。（3）由共析反應形成的混合固體成分的合金結構。
Expansion bolt	膨脹螺栓	When a through bolt cannot be used for attaching a pipe hanger, bracket, or other part, to a wall or ceiling of brick or concrete, what are known as expansion bolts are often used. The body of an expansion bolt is divided and the arrangement is such that, when the head of the bolt is turned, the sections forming the body of the bolt are forced outward and against the wall of the hole which has been drilled into the brick, concrete, or stone, as the case may be. Bolts of this type are made in quite a variety of designs. The nominal size represents the diameter of the bolt proper and not the diameter of the casing or expansion member. 當不能使用貫穿螺栓將管道吊架、支架或其他部件連接到磚塊或混凝土的墻壁或天花板時，通常使用所謂的膨脹螺栓。膨脹螺栓的主體是分開的，其布置方式是，當螺栓頭轉動時，形成螺栓主體的部分被強制向外并靠在已鉆入磚、混凝土或石頭中的孔壁上，視情況而定。這種類型的螺栓有多種設計。標稱尺寸代表螺栓本身的直徑，而不是套管或膨脹構件的直徑。
Extensometer	引伸計	An instrument for measuring changes in length over a given gage length caused by application or removal of a force. Commonly used in tension testing of metal specimens. Any instrument which measures the change in length of a part as the part is loaded. 一種用于測量在給定標距上由施加或移除力引起的長度變化，在零件加載時測量零件長度變化的儀器。常用于金屬試樣的拉力試驗。
External load	外部負載	Forces exerted on fastener and=or joint members by such external factors as weight, wind, inertia, vibration, temperature expansion, pressure, etc. Does not equal the Working load in the fastener. 由重量、風、慣性、振動、溫度膨脹、壓力等外部因素施加在緊固件和/或接頭構件上的力。不等于緊固件中的工作負載。
Extra hard	額外硬化	A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about one-third of the way from full hard to extra spring temper. 有色合金和一些鐵合金的回火，其特征是抗拉強度和硬度大約是從完全硬回火到額外彈簧回火的三分之一。
Extra spring	額外彈簧	A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys corresponding approximately to a coldworked state above full hard beyond which further cold work will not measurably increase the strength and hardness. 有色金屬合金和一些鐵合金的回火狀態，大約對應于高于全硬的冷加工狀態，超過該狀態進一步冷加工將不會顯著增加強度和硬度。
Eyebolt (eyescrew)	吊環螺栓（眼螺絲）	A bolt threaded at one end and bent to a loop at the other end. A bolt or screw with a closed loop in place of a head. 一端有螺紋，另一端彎曲成環的螺栓。帶有閉合環代替頭部的螺栓或螺釘。